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Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: 40r

Image
Details
Graphic Elements (27)
Specimens (1)

Image

Item Image

Item

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486

Collection

Biblioteca Palatina (Parma, Italy)

Image Name / Folio Number

40r

Graphic Element

NameLetter - #28963 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterAleph DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeKappa-shaped Components & Features Left-hand downstroke

DELETE joins the chevron
left-hand downstroke is the main component
descends from the headline
descends below the baseline
rounded
no foot

Right arm

DELETE chevron attached to the left-hand downstroke
DELETE branches of the chevron are attached to the main stroke in its upper part
DELETE lower branch of the chevron is shorter than the upper branch of the chevron
DELETE branches of the chevron are included within the line of writing
no roof

NameLetter - #29038 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterBeth DuctusTraced with 1 movements Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
not parallel to the base
shorter than the base
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
slanted
straight

Base

not parallel to the upper bar
longer than the upper bar
joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #29034 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterGimel DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Downstroke

reaches the baseline
rounded
no head

Left-hand stroke

joins the downtroke in the middle
does not reach the baseline
slanted
straight

NameLetter - #29035 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterDaleth DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper bar

convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
descends below the baseline
rounded
with a tail turning upwards to the right

NameLetter - #29037 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterHe DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper bar

convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
DELETE shorter than the left-hand downstroke
reaches the baseline
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
separate from the upper bar
longer than the right-hand downstroke
descends below the baseline
rounded
with thickening in the middle

NameLetter - #29031 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterVav DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Downstroke

descends below the baseline
rounded
no head

NameLetter - #29039 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterZayin DuctusTraced with 1 movements Components & Features Downstroke

descends below the baseline
rounded
with a head

Head

traced with the same movement as the stem
placed to the right
angular juncture with the stem
slanted
straight

NameLetter - #29032 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterḤeth Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
does not reach the baseline
ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

reaches the baseline
ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
rounded
with thinning in the middle
with thickening at the end

NameLetter - #29036 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṬeth Components & Features Right arm

DELETE? forms a concave base ⋃
DELETE shorter than the left arm
rounded
with tapering at the end
no roof

Left arm

perpendicular to the baseline
longer than the right arm
straight
with tapering at the end
no roof

NameLetter - #29043 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterYod DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeStroke Components & Features Main stroke

slanted
straight
no head

NameLetter - #29042 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterKaph DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
parallel to the base
shorter than the base
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
not parallel to the upper bar
longer than the upper bar
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #29030 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterKaph: final DuctusTraced with 1 movements Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Descender

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded
turns upwards at the end to the left

NameLetter - #28951 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterLamed DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeInverted L Components & Features Ascender

longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded
no flag

Horizontal bar

there is no horizontal bar

Downstroke

attached to the ascender
attached to the ascender at an angle
does not reach the baseline
rounded

NameLetter - #28946 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterMem DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Right-hand downstroke

sharp triangular juncture with the left-hand stroke at the headline
descends below the baseline
rounded

Base

no base (open mem)

Left-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
attached to the right-hand stroke sharply at the headline
slanted
does not reach the baseline
straight

Left arm

traced as a separate movement from the left-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke in its lower part
slanted
reaches the headline
straight
no roof

NameLetter - #28953 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterMem: final DuctusTraced with 1 movements Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

longer than the base
straight
slanted

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper horizontal bar
rounded juncture with the upper horizontal bar
rounded

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke
angular juncture with the left-hand downstroke
parallel to the baseline
straight

Left-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the base
angular juncture with the upper bar
slanted to the right /
straight

NameLetter - #28968 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterNun DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

equal to the height of the line of writing
reaches the baseline
rounded
no head

Base

traced with the same movement as the stem
rounded juncture with the stem
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #28971 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterNun: final DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded
lower end turns upwards on the left
no head

NameLetter - #28956 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterSamekh DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded

Base

there is a base
traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke
angular juncture with the left-hand downstroke
concave (rounded) ⋃

Left-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the base
approaches the upper bar at the left edge
angular juncture with the upper bar
slanted
straight

NameLetter - #28973 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter Letter'Ayin DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Right arm

traced with the same movement as the base
slanted
top is lower than the top of the left arm
straight
with thickening in the middle
no roof

Left arm

traced as a separate movement from the base
attached to the base
longer than the right arm
rounded
no roof

Base

traced with the same movement as the right arm
rounded juncture with the right arm
longer on the left than the upper end of the left arm
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #28958 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterPe DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

formed by a juncture between the right-hand downstroke and the nose
with a spike at the juncture between the right-hand downstroke and the nose
shorter than the base
triangle

Right-hand downstroke

slanted
straight

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
longer than the upper bar
descends below the baseline
concave (rounded) ⋃

Nose

traced as a part of the upper bar
shorter than the height of the line of writing
rounded

NameLetter - #28943 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterPe: final General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

traced with the same movement as the descender
slanted
straight

Descender

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
longer than the height of the line of writing
slanted
rounded
turns upwards at the end to the left

Nose

angular juncture with the upper bar
attached to the extremity of the upper bar
shorter than the height of the line of writing
rounded

NameLetter - #28950 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṢade Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

slanted to the left \
straight
no roof

Base

traced with the same movement as the stem
rounded juncture with the stem
concave (rounded) ⋃

Right arm

joins the stem
joins/approaches the top of the stem
concave (rounded) ⋃
no roof

NameLetter - #28948 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṢade: final Components & Features Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
slanted to the left \
straight
lower end turns upwards on the left
with tapering at the end
no roof

Right arm

joins the top of the descender
concave (rounded) ⋃
no roof

NameLetter - #28949 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterQoph DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Upper horizontal bar of the lobe

slanted
straight

Lobe

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
longer than a half of the height of the line of writing
lobe faces to the right
rounded

Descender

traced as a separate movement from the lobe
detached from the lobe
longer than the height of the line of writing
perpendicular to the baseline
straight
lower end turns upwards on the left

NameLetter - #29033 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterResh DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
reaches the baseline
rounded
with tapering at the end

NameLetter - #28966 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterShin/Sin Components & Features Right arm

traced as a separate movement from the left arm
joins the left arm sharply at the baseline
shorter than the left arm
rounded
no roof

Left arm

traced as a separate movement from the right arm
joins the right arm/base at the baseline
goes below the juncture with the right arm forming a tail
longer than the right arm
rounded
no roof

Middle stroke

joins the arms/base
joins the left arm at the top on the right
parallel to the right arm
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #28961 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterTav DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂
with thickening at the end

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
joins the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
shorter than the left-hand downstroke
MERGE slanted to the right /
reaches the baseline
straight

Left-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
separate from the upper bar
longer than the right-hand downstroke
MERGE slanted to the right
descends below the baseline
straight
with tapering at the end
no foot
no roof

Annotate

Graphic Element

Specimen

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Type

Abbreviation Other Abbreviation Observations

Decorations

(OLD DECORATIONS)

Geometrical micrography

Figurative microcraphy

Carmina figurata layout

Carpet page

Historiated letter

Zoomorphic letter

Anthropomorphic letter

Decorated panel

Decorated initial

Decorated section marker

Penwork decoration

Colour decoration

Letter outline

Acanthus

Heraldry

Ivy

Animals

Dragons

Gymnastic initials

Fantastic beasts

Arabesque

Bas-de-page images

Bar border

Flourish work border

Foliated border

Inhabited border

Guilding

Cadel

Diaper ground

Red and blue diaper

Blank figure on coloured background

Purple diaper

Stain glass diaper

Tendrils diaper

Display script

Grotesque

Fretwork

Drollery

Litterae notabiliores

Litterae florissae

Interlace

Solomon's knot

Pentagramme

Sexagramme

Outline drawing

Multicoloured letter

Alternate coloured letters in a word

Rinceaux

Rosette

Palmette

Tabula ansata

Diagram: halakha

Diagram: kabbala

Diagram: medicine

Diagram: sciences

(Other)

Format and Location

Carpet page

Miniature

Decorated initial word/letter

Marginal image/border decoration

Section markers and other signs

Line fillers

Diagram

Decorated colophon

Masorah magna

Decorated catchword

Other (please specify)

Technique and Medium

Gilding (gold or silver)

Full painting

Light wash

Spare ground painting in ink

Penwork drawing

Carmina figurata

Micrography

Other (please specify)

Colour Palette

Gold

Silver

White

Lilac

Orange

Pink

Green

Yellow

Teal

Blue

Red

Brown

Black

Grey

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Architecture

Doorway

Gable

Crenelation

Tower

Arcade

Window

Pinnacle

Pillar

Caryatid figure

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Interior Scene

Scenes of prayer and worship

Scenes of festive meals

Scenes of betrothal and marriage

Scenes of circumcision

Scenes of study and discussion

Scenes of music-making and dancing

Scenes of work

Scenes of mourning

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Exterior Scene

Scenes of hunting

Scenes of travel

Scenes of jousting and other martial games

Scenes of battle

Scenes of agricultural work

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Zodiac Signs

Aries

Taurus

Gemini

Cancer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Scorpio

Sagittarius

Capricorn

Aquarius

Pisces

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Human Figures

Biblical

Mishnaic/talmudic

Contemporary (medieval)

Body parts only (please specify in observations box)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Quadruped Animals

Lion

Dog (talbot)

Dog (greyhound)

Dog (generic)

Rabbit/hare

Stag/hind

Elephant

Horse

Cattle

Sheep

Camel

Donkey

Monkey

Wolf

Leopard

Fox

Boar

Bear

Frog

Squirrel

Other (please specify)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Imaginary Creatures

Dragon

Unicorn

Siren

Centaur

Griffin

Wild man

Other hybrids (please specify in observations box)

Other non-hybrids (please specify in observations box)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Birds

Eagle

Stork/crane

Falcon/hawk, and other hunting birds

Owl

Chicken

Peacock

Small birds (please specify in observations box)

Other (please specify)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Foliage

Trefoils, round or pointed

Acanthus

Palmettes

Oak leaves (with/without acorns)

Heart-shaped leaves

Rosettes

Fleurs-de-lis

Fruits/pine cones

Knobs

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Everyday Objects

Shields and other objects featuring heraldic designs

Keys

Scissors

Articles of clothing, headwear or footwear

Ladders

Musical instruments

Axes, knives, swords, non-heraldic shields and bucklers

Food and drink, and implements for eating and drinking

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Other

Temple implements

Landscape

Angels

Demons

Fish

Insects

Leopard mask

Trees

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Letter Decoration

Gilt letters

Zoomorphic/Anthropomorphic letters

Filled letters: animal, hybrid or human motifs

Filled letters: vegetal motifs

Filled letters: knotwork and interlace

Inhabited letters

Letters with geometric patterning (including chequered, striped, chevron or other patterns)

Letters with foliate finials

Letters with scalloped outlines

Letters in alternating colours

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Background Decoration (Penwork)

Palmettes

Tendrils

Non-figural swirls/spirals

Hatching/Cross-hatching

Wavy lines

Groups of three dots

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Background Decoration (Coloured)

Chequered background

Lozenged background

Diapered background (with squares)

Diapered background (with circles)

Monochrome background with tendrils

Monochrome background with groups of three dots

Monochrome plain background

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Decorated Border

Acanthus border

Greek key border

Interlace border

Wavy-line-and-dots border

Ribbon border

Striped border

Twisted rope/guilloche border

Zigzag border

Scalloped border

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Other

geometric and abstract shapes

penwork flourish

interlace and knotwork

Other Decorations Observations

Divine Symbols

Tetragrammaton

Two yods

Three yods

Four yods

Yods with symbols/abbreviation signs

Yod-vav-yod

Variant of Elohim

Basmala

Hamdala

(Other)

Other Divine Symbols Observations

Editorial Symbols

Signe de renvoi

circle

circle + line

manicule

other

Collation sign

graphic symbol

textual or abbreviation

other

Text management

Insertion sign

Replacement sign

Correction sign

Other Editorial Symbols Observations

Justifications

Graphic space fillers

Extended letters

Reduced letters

Broken letters

Anticipation

Abbreviation

Change of script register

Writing above the line horizontally

Writing above the line obliquely

Writing below the line

Vertical writing

Change of orientation of letter components

(Other)

Other Justifications Observations

Letter Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Ligature name

Cluster of Components and Features

Letters ligatured on the left (initial or medial)

Aleph

Beth

Gimel

Daleth

Vav

Zayin

Ḥeth

Ṭeth

Yod

Kaph

Kaph: final

Lamed

Mem

Mem: final

Nun

Nun: final

Samekh

'Ayin

Pe: final

Ṣade

Ṣade: final

Qoph

Resh

Shin/Sin

Tav

Aleph-lamed nexus

Vowel

Diacritic/abbreviation

Letters ligatured on the right (medial or final)

Aleph

Beth

Gimel

Daleth

Vav

Zayin

Ḥeth

Ṭeth

Yod

Kaph

Kaph: final

Lamed

Mem

Mem: final

Nun

Nun: final

Samekh

'Ayin

Pe: final

Ṣade

Ṣade: final

Qoph

Resh

Shin/Sin

Tav

Aleph-lamed nexus

Vowel

Diacritic/abbreviation

Letters ligatured on both sides (must also be tagged as left and right)

Aleph

Beth

Gimel

Daleth

Vav

Zayin

Ḥeth

Ṭeth

Yod

Kaph

Kaph: final

Lamed

Mem

Mem: final

Nun

Nun: final

Samekh

'Ayin

Pe: final

Ṣade

Ṣade: final

Qoph

Resh

Shin/Sin

Tav

Aleph-lamed nexus

Vowel

Diacritic/abbreviation

Location of juncture

Above the line of writing

Below the line of writing

Within the line of writing

Ligature features

Puzzle imbrication

Invisible lines

Connector

Loop

Split letter

Modification of the letter shape

Modification of the letter size

Modification of the letter position relative to the line

Observations

Magical Character

Meshunnah Character Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Nexus Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Numeral

Arabic

Coptic

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Zimām

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1/2

1/3

1/4

1/5

Mozarabic/Toledan

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

10000

Half

Quarter

Third

Rūmī/Fāsī

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Other Numeral Observations

Punctuation

There is no punctuation

Sof pasuq

Dot

2 dots

3 dots

4 dots

Short stroke

2 short strokes

3 short strokes

Paragraph sign: circle

Paragraph sign: decoration

Paragraph sign: '6-shape'

Parashah sign

Haphtara sign

Chapter symbol

(Other)

Other Punctuation Observations

Ṭe'amim

Sof pasuq

Atnaḥ

Segol/shere

Shalshelet

Zaqef qatan

Zaqef gadol

ṭifḥa/ṭarḥa

revia’

Zarqa

Pashṭa/qadma

Shne pashṭin/tre qadmin

Yetiv

Tevir

Pazer

Qarne farah

Telisha gedolah/talsha/tirṣa

Geresh

Gershayim

Paseq/legarmeh

Merkha/maarikh

Munaḥ/shofar holekh/shofar ‘ilui

Mahpakh/shofar hafukh

Darga

Qadma/azla

Telisha qeṭanah (talsha/tarsa)

Merkha kefulah/tere ta’ame/teren ḥuṭrin

Yeraḥ ben yomo/galgal

Geresh muqdam

Atnaḥ hafukh

‘oleh

‘ilui

Deḥi

Ṣinorit

Other Ṭe'amim Observations

Vowel/Diacritic

Babylonian

Ḥireq

Pataḥ (lines)

Pataḥ (dots)

Qameṣ (lines)

Qameṣ (dots)

Ṣere

Ḥolem

Qibbuṣ (lines)

Qibbuṣ (dots)

Ḥitfa (= shewa)

Miniature shin

Miniature samekh

Miniature he

Miniature gimel

Miniature qof

Mid-dot

Compound ḥireq

Compound pataḥ (lines)

Compound pataḥ (dots)

Compound qameṣ (lines)

Compound qameṣ (dots)

Compound ṣere

Compound ḥolem

Compound qibbuṣ (lines)

Compound qibbuṣ (dots)

Palestinian

Pataḥ

Qameṣ

Seghol

Ṣere

Ḥireq

Ḥolem

Qibbuṣ

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (L)

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (<)

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (C)

Rafe

Miniature shin

Miniature samekh

Shin/sin diacritic

Tiberian

Pataḥ

Seghol

Qameṣ

Ṣere

Ḥolem

Ḥireq

Shureq

Qibbuṣ

Shewa

Gaʿya

Rafe

Dagesh/mappiq

Meteg

Ḥaṭef pataḥ

Ḥaṭef seghol

Ḥaṭef qameṣ

Silluq (sof pasuq)

Atnaḥ

Shin/sin dot

Arabic

Fatḥa

Kasra

Ḍamma

Tanwīn

Shadda

Sukūn

Other Vowel/Diacritic Observations

Details

Item

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486

Collection

Biblioteca Palatina (Parma, Italy)

Image Name / Folio Number

40r

Created: 3 Mar 2025, 12:31 p.m. by Evgeniya Zarubina

Graphic Elements

Letter

Specimens

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 2486: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni)

Biblioteca Palatina (Parma, Italy)