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Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: 37v-38r

Image
Details
Graphic Elements (28)
Specimens (1)

Image

Item Image

Item

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169

Image Name / Folio Number

37v-38r

Graphic Element

NameJustification - #33980 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeJustification Justifications

Extended letters

NameLetter - #33971 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterAleph General ShapeKappa-shaped Components & Features Left-hand downstroke

left-hand downstroke is the main component
descends from above the headline
descends below the baseline
rounded
no foot

Chevron

attached to the left-hand downstroke in the middle
both branches are included within the line of writing
lower branch is bigger than the upper branch
upper branch: straight
lower branch: rounded

NameLetter - #33969 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterBeth Components & Features Upper bar

not parallel to the base
shorter than the base
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
slanted
straight

Base

slanted
not parallel to the upper bar
longer than the upper bar
angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
straight

NameLetter - #33964 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterGimel DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Downstroke

descends below the baseline
rounded
no head

Left-hand stroke

joins the downstroke at the baseline
parallel to the baseline
straight

NameLetter - #33970 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterDaleth DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
descends below the baseline
slanted
straight
with a tail to the right

NameLetter - #33972 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterHe DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper bar

convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
slanted
reaches the baseline
straight
with tapering at the end

Left-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
separate from the upper bar
ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
descends below the baseline
diamond-shaped

NameLetter - #33977 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterVav DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Downstroke

descends below the baseline
rounded
no head

NameLetter - #33955 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterZayin Components & Features Downstroke

descends below the baseline
rounded
with a head

Head

placed to the right
angular juncture with the stem
slanted
straight

NameLetter - #33957 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterḤeth Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
does not reach the baseline
ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

attached to the extremity of the upper bar
descends below the baseline
ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
rounded

NameLetter - #33968 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṬeth Components & Features Right arm

forms a base
perpendicular to the baseline
top is lower than the top of the left arm
straight
with thickening at the end
no roof

Base

there is a base
angular juncture with the right arm
parallel to the baseline
straight

Left arm

goes below the juncture with the right arm forming a tail
ascends above the headline
top is higher than the top of the right arm
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #33979 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterYod DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeStroke Components & Features Main stroke

slanted
straight
no head

NameLetter - #33976 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterKaph DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
not parallel to the base
shorter than the base
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
not parallel to the upper bar
longer than the upper bar
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #33978 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterKaph: final DuctusTraced with 1 movements Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
straight

Descender

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
longer than the height of the line of writing
perpendicular to the baseline
straight
changes direction to the left at the end

NameLetter - #33965 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterLamed General ShapeInverted L Components & Features Ascender

longer than the height of the line of writing
wavy
with a flag

Flag of the ascender/mast

traced with the same movement as the ascender/mast
attached to the extremity of the mast
placed to the left
hook-shaped

Horizontal bar

no horizontal bar

Downstroke

attached to the ascender
attached to the ascender at an angle
reaches the baseline
forms a base
rounded

NameLetter - #33953 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterMem DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Right-hand downstroke

sharp triangular juncture with the left-hand stroke at the headline
descends below the baseline
rounded

Base

no base (open mem)

Left-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
slanted
does not reach the baseline
rounded

Left arm

traced as a separate movement from the left-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke in its lower part
slanted
ascends above the headline
straight
no roof

NameLetter - #33956 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterMem: final Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
slanted to the right /
straight

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke
angular juncture with the left-hand downstroke
parallel to the baseline
straight

Left-hand downstroke

approaches the upper bar at the left edge
angular juncture with the upper bar
goes slightly below the juncture with the base/right-hand downstroke
slanted to the left \
straight

NameLetter - #33958 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterNun DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Downstroke

longer than the height of the line of writing
descends below the baseline
rounded
no head

Base

traced with the same movement as the downstroke
rounded juncture with the downstroke
descends below the baseline
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #33961 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterNun: final DuctusTraced with 1 movements Components & Features Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded
changes direction to the left at the end
with tapering at the end
no head

NameLetter - #33960 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterSamekh Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
slanted
straight

Base

there is a base
angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the left-hand downstroke
slanted
straight

Left-hand downstroke

joins the upper bar at the left end
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded
with thinning

NameLetter - #33962 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter Letter'Ayin DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Right arm

forms a base
top is lower than the top of the left arm
rounded
no roof

Base

traced with the same movement as the right arm
rounded juncture with the right arm
descends below the baseline
longer on the left than the upper end of the left arm
concave (rounded) ⋃

Left arm

traced as a separate movement from the base
attached to the base
top is higher than the top of the right arm
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #33966 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterPe DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper bar

formed by a juncture between the right-hand downstroke and the nose
with a spike at the juncture between the right-hand downstroke and the nose
triangle

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
slanted
straight

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
not parallel to the upper bar
longer than the upper bar
descends below the baseline
concave (rounded) ⋃

Nose

traced as a part of the upper bar
perpendicular to the upper bar
equal to the height of the line of writing
ascends above the headline
straight

NameLetter - #33954 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterPe: final DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Upper bar

traced as a separate movement from the descender
slanted
straight

Descender

traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
T-shaped juncture with the upper bar
longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded

Nose

traced as a part of the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
attached to the extremity of the upper bar
shorter than the height of the line of writing
straight

NameLetter - #33959 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṢade Components & Features Downstroke

rounded
no roof

Base

traced with the same movement as the downstroke
rounded juncture with the downstroke
descends below the baseline
concave (rounded) ⋃

Right arm

joins the stem
joins the top of the downstroke
slanted
straight
no roof

NameLetter - #33963 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṢade: final Components & Features Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded
changes direction to the left at the end
no roof

Right arm

joins the top of the descender
concave ⋃
no roof

NameLetter - #33974 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterQoph DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Upper bar of the lobe

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Lobe

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
shorter than a half of the height of the line of writing
lobe on the right of the descender
reduced to a line

Descender

traced as a separate movement from the lobe
detached from the lobe
longer than the height of the line of writing
rounded
changes direction to the left at the end

NameLetter - #33975 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterResh DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper bar

convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded
with tapering at the end

NameLetter - #33973 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterShin/Sin Components & Features Right arm

forms a base
top is lower than the top of the left arm
rounded
no roof

Base

there is a base
traced with the same movement as the right arm
rounded juncture with the right arm
parallel to the baseline
straight

Left arm

joins the right arm/base above the baseline
goes below the juncture with the right arm forming a tail
ascends above the headline
top is higher than the top of the right arm
rounded
no roof

Middle stroke

joins the arms/base
joins the left arm
joins the left arm at the top
parallel to the right arm
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #33967 HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterTav DuctusTraced with 2 movements Components & Features Upper bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
joins the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
reaches the baseline
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
attached to the upper bar below it
ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
descends below the baseline
rounded
with a foot
no roof

Foot

traced with the same movement as the downstroke
turns to the left
turns downwards
descends below the baseline
slanted
straight

Annotate

Graphic Element

Specimen

If the Specimen doesn't appear in the above options, please add a new Specimen before continuing

Type

Abbreviation Other Abbreviation Observations

Decorations

(OLD DECORATIONS)

Geometrical micrography

Figurative microcraphy

Carmina figurata layout

Carpet page

Historiated letter

Zoomorphic letter

Anthropomorphic letter

Decorated panel

Decorated initial

Decorated section marker

Penwork decoration

Colour decoration

Letter outline

Acanthus

Heraldry

Ivy

Animals

Dragons

Gymnastic initials

Fantastic beasts

Arabesque

Bas-de-page images

Bar border

Flourish work border

Foliated border

Inhabited border

Guilding

Cadel

Diaper ground

Red and blue diaper

Blank figure on coloured background

Purple diaper

Stain glass diaper

Tendrils diaper

Display script

Grotesque

Fretwork

Drollery

Litterae notabiliores

Litterae florissae

Interlace

Solomon's knot

Pentagramme

Sexagramme

Outline drawing

Multicoloured letter

Alternate coloured letters in a word

Rinceaux

Rosette

Palmette

Tabula ansata

Diagram: halakha

Diagram: kabbala

Diagram: medicine

Diagram: sciences

(Other)

Format and Location

Carpet page

Miniature

Decorated initial word/letter

Marginal image/border decoration

Section markers and other signs

Line fillers

Diagram

Decorated colophon

Masorah magna

Decorated catchword

Other (please specify)

Technique and Medium

Gilding (gold or silver)

Full painting

Light wash

Spare ground painting in ink

Penwork drawing

Carmina figurata

Micrography

Other (please specify)

Colour Palette

Gold

Silver

White

Lilac

Orange

Pink

Green

Yellow

Teal

Blue

Red

Brown

Black

Grey

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Architecture

Doorway

Gable

Crenelation

Tower

Arcade

Window

Pinnacle

Pillar

Caryatid figure

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Interior Scene

Scenes of prayer and worship

Scenes of festive meals

Scenes of betrothal and marriage

Scenes of circumcision

Scenes of study and discussion

Scenes of music-making and dancing

Scenes of work

Scenes of mourning

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Exterior Scene

Scenes of hunting

Scenes of travel

Scenes of jousting and other martial games

Scenes of battle

Scenes of agricultural work

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Zodiac Signs

Aries

Taurus

Gemini

Cancer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Scorpio

Sagittarius

Capricorn

Aquarius

Pisces

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Human Figures

Biblical

Mishnaic/talmudic

Contemporary (medieval)

Body parts only (please specify in observations box)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Quadruped Animals

Lion

Dog (talbot)

Dog (greyhound)

Dog (generic)

Rabbit/hare

Stag/hind

Elephant

Horse

Cattle

Sheep

Camel

Donkey

Monkey

Wolf

Leopard

Fox

Boar

Bear

Frog

Squirrel

Other (please specify)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Imaginary Creatures

Dragon

Unicorn

Siren

Centaur

Griffin

Wild man

Other hybrids (please specify in observations box)

Other non-hybrids (please specify in observations box)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Birds

Eagle

Stork/crane

Falcon/hawk, and other hunting birds

Owl

Chicken

Peacock

Small birds (please specify in observations box)

Other (please specify)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Foliage

Trefoils, round or pointed

Acanthus

Palmettes

Oak leaves (with/without acorns)

Heart-shaped leaves

Rosettes

Fleurs-de-lis

Fruits/pine cones

Knobs

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Everyday Objects

Shields and other objects featuring heraldic designs

Keys

Scissors

Articles of clothing, headwear or footwear

Ladders

Musical instruments

Axes, knives, swords, non-heraldic shields and bucklers

Food and drink, and implements for eating and drinking

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Other

Temple implements

Landscape

Angels

Demons

Fish

Insects

Leopard mask

Trees

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Letter Decoration

Gilt letters

Zoomorphic/Anthropomorphic letters

Filled letters: animal, hybrid or human motifs

Filled letters: vegetal motifs

Filled letters: knotwork and interlace

Inhabited letters

Letters with geometric patterning (including chequered, striped, chevron or other patterns)

Letters with foliate finials

Letters with scalloped outlines

Letters in alternating colours

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Background Decoration (Penwork)

Palmettes

Tendrils

Non-figural swirls/spirals

Hatching/Cross-hatching

Wavy lines

Groups of three dots

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Background Decoration (Coloured)

Chequered background

Lozenged background

Diapered background (with squares)

Diapered background (with circles)

Monochrome background with tendrils

Monochrome background with groups of three dots

Monochrome plain background

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Decorated Border

Acanthus border

Greek key border

Interlace border

Wavy-line-and-dots border

Ribbon border

Striped border

Twisted rope/guilloche border

Zigzag border

Scalloped border

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Other

geometric and abstract shapes

penwork flourish

interlace and knotwork

Other Decorations Observations

Divine Symbols

Tetragrammaton

Two yods

Three yods

Four yods

Yods with symbols/abbreviation signs

Yod-vav-yod

Variant of Elohim

Basmala

Hamdala

(Other)

Other Divine Symbols Observations

Editorial Symbols

Signe de renvoi

circle

circle + line

manicule

other

Collation sign

graphic symbol

textual or abbreviation

other

Text management

Insertion sign

Replacement sign

Correction sign

Other Editorial Symbols Observations

Justifications

Graphic space fillers

Extended letters

Reduced letters

Broken letters

Anticipation

Abbreviation

Change of script register

Writing above the line horizontally

Writing above the line obliquely

Writing below the line

Vertical writing

Change of orientation of letter components

(Other)

Other Justifications Observations

Letter Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Ligature name

Cluster of Components and Features

Letters ligatured on the left (initial or medial)

Aleph

Beth

Gimel

Daleth

Vav

Zayin

Ḥeth

Ṭeth

Yod

Kaph

Kaph: final

Lamed

Mem

Mem: final

Nun

Nun: final

Samekh

'Ayin

Pe: final

Ṣade

Ṣade: final

Qoph

Resh

Shin/Sin

Tav

Aleph-lamed nexus

Vowel

Diacritic/abbreviation

Letters ligatured on the right (medial or final)

Aleph

Beth

Gimel

Daleth

Vav

Zayin

Ḥeth

Ṭeth

Yod

Kaph

Kaph: final

Lamed

Mem

Mem: final

Nun

Nun: final

Samekh

'Ayin

Pe: final

Ṣade

Ṣade: final

Qoph

Resh

Shin/Sin

Tav

Aleph-lamed nexus

Vowel

Diacritic/abbreviation

Letters ligatured on both sides (must also be tagged as left and right)

Aleph

Beth

Gimel

Daleth

Vav

Zayin

Ḥeth

Ṭeth

Yod

Kaph

Kaph: final

Lamed

Mem

Mem: final

Nun

Nun: final

Samekh

'Ayin

Pe: final

Ṣade

Ṣade: final

Qoph

Resh

Shin/Sin

Tav

Aleph-lamed nexus

Vowel

Diacritic/abbreviation

Location of juncture

Above the line of writing

Below the line of writing

Within the line of writing

Ligature features

Puzzle imbrication

Invisible lines

Connector

Loop

Split letter

Modification of the letter shape

Modification of the letter size

Modification of the letter position relative to the line

Observations

Magical Character

Meshunnah Character Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Nexus Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Numeral

Arabic

Coptic

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Zimām

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1/2

1/3

1/4

1/5

Mozarabic/Toledan

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

10000

Half

Quarter

Third

Rūmī/Fāsī

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Other Numeral Observations

Punctuation

There is no punctuation

Sof pasuq

Dot

2 dots

3 dots

4 dots

Short stroke

2 short strokes

3 short strokes

Paragraph sign: circle

Paragraph sign: decoration

Paragraph sign: '6-shape'

Parashah sign

Haphtara sign

Chapter symbol

(Other)

Other Punctuation Observations

Ṭe'amim

Sof pasuq

Atnaḥ

Segol/shere

Shalshelet

Zaqef qatan

Zaqef gadol

ṭifḥa/ṭarḥa

revia’

Zarqa

Pashṭa/qadma

Shne pashṭin/tre qadmin

Yetiv

Tevir

Pazer

Qarne farah

Telisha gedolah/talsha/tirṣa

Geresh

Gershayim

Paseq/legarmeh

Merkha/maarikh

Munaḥ/shofar holekh/shofar ‘ilui

Mahpakh/shofar hafukh

Darga

Qadma/azla

Telisha qeṭanah (talsha/tarsa)

Merkha kefulah/tere ta’ame/teren ḥuṭrin

Yeraḥ ben yomo/galgal

Geresh muqdam

Atnaḥ hafukh

‘oleh

‘ilui

Deḥi

Ṣinorit

Other Ṭe'amim Observations

Vowel/Diacritic

Babylonian

Ḥireq

Pataḥ (lines)

Pataḥ (dots)

Qameṣ (lines)

Qameṣ (dots)

Ṣere

Ḥolem

Qibbuṣ (lines)

Qibbuṣ (dots)

Ḥitfa (= shewa)

Miniature shin

Miniature samekh

Miniature he

Miniature gimel

Miniature qof

Mid-dot

Compound ḥireq

Compound pataḥ (lines)

Compound pataḥ (dots)

Compound qameṣ (lines)

Compound qameṣ (dots)

Compound ṣere

Compound ḥolem

Compound qibbuṣ (lines)

Compound qibbuṣ (dots)

Palestinian

Pataḥ

Qameṣ

Seghol

Ṣere

Ḥireq

Ḥolem

Qibbuṣ

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (L)

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (<)

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (C)

Rafe

Miniature shin

Miniature samekh

Shin/sin diacritic

Tiberian

Pataḥ

Seghol

Qameṣ

Ṣere

Ḥolem

Ḥireq

Shureq

Qibbuṣ

Shewa

Gaʿya

Rafe

Dagesh/mappiq

Meteg

Ḥaṭef pataḥ

Ḥaṭef seghol

Ḥaṭef qameṣ

Silluq (sof pasuq)

Atnaḥ

Shin/sin dot

Arabic

Fatḥa

Kasra

Ḍamma

Tanwīn

Shadda

Sukūn

Other Vowel/Diacritic Observations

Details

Item

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169

Image Name / Folio Number

37v-38r

Created: 22 Oct 2025, 2:12 p.m. by Evgeniya Zarubina

Graphic Elements

Justification

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Justification - #33980

Letter

Specimens

Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3169: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni)