Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: 16v
- Image
- Details
- Graphic Elements (58)
- Specimens (2)
Image
© The Palatine Library
Item Image
Graphic Element
NameDivine Symbol - #37656
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeDivine Symbol
Divine Symbols
- Subtitute for Tetragrammaton: three Yods (without addition)
NameDivine Symbol - #37762
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeDivine Symbol
Divine Symbols
- Three yods
- Subtitute for Tetragrammaton: two Yods (without addition)
NameDivine Symbol - #37758
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeDivine Symbol
Divine Symbols
- Tetragrammaton
NameDivine Symbol - #37757
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeDivine Symbol
Divine Symbols
- Subtitute for Tetragrammaton: three Yods (without addition)
NameJustification - #37764
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeJustification
Justifications
- Reduced letters
NameJustification - #37666
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeJustification
Justifications
- Extended letters
NameJustification - #37763
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeJustification
Justifications
- Extended letters
NameLetter - #37770
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterAleph
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Square
- traced with one stroke
- reaches the headline
- reaches the baseline
- extended at the top with an addition
- straight
- joins the main stroke at the headline
- descends from below the headline
- reaches the baseline
- perpendicular to the baseline
- straight
- with a foot
- traced with the same movement as the left-hand downstroke
- turns to the left
- turns downwards
- parallel to the baseline
- straight
- with a spur
- joins the main oblique stroke
- joins/approaches the main stroke in the middle
- slanted
- straight
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- placed to the right
- angular juncture with the right arm
- parallel to the main stroke
- slanted
- straight
NameLetter - #37661
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterAleph
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Square
- reaches the headline
- reaches the baseline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- joins the main stroke at the headline
- descends from the headline
- reaches the baseline
- slanted
- straight
- with thinning in the middle
- with thickening at the end
- with a foot
- traced as a separate movement from the left-hand downstroke
- turns to the left
- turns downwards
- slanted
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- with a spur
- reduced to a roof
- detached from the main stroke
- joins/approaches the main stroke in the middle
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation
NameLetter - #37789
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterBeth
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- straight
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- T-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- perpendicular to the baseline
- straight
- parallel to the baseline
- parallel to the upper bar
- longer than the upper bar
- rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- straight
- turns downwards on the left
- with tapering at the end
- with a spur
NameLetter - #37753
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterBeth
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- not parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- straight
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- straight
- slanted
- parallel to the upper bar
- longer than the upper bar
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- straight
- turns downwards on the left
- with a serif
- approach stroke
- short line
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37761
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterGimel
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- reaches the baseline
- wavy
- with thinning in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with a tail to the left
- with a head
- joins the downstroke in its lower part
- reaches the baseline
- rounded
- with tapering
- with a spur
- with bifurcation
- traced with the same movement as the stem
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the stem
- longer than the width of the nib
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37658
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterGimel
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- reaches the baseline
- rounded
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with a tail to the left
- with a head
- detached from the downstroke
- descends below the baseline
- rounded
- with thickening
- with a spur
- traced as a separate movement from the stem
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the stem
- longer than the width of the nib
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37660
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterDaleth
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- does not reach the baseline
- slanted
- straight
- wedge-shaped
- with tapering at the end
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37778
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterDaleth
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Square
- goes beyond the juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- does not reach the baseline
- slanted
- straight
- rounded
- with tapering at the end
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37791
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterHe
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- extends beyond the juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
- slanted
- does not reach the baseline
- wedge-shaped
- with tapering at the end
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- separate from the upper bar
- ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
- reaches the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37751
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterHe
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- extends beyond the juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
- slanted
- does not reach the baseline
- straight
- wedge-shaped
- with tapering at the end
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- separate from the upper bar
- ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
- perpendicular to the baseline
- reaches the baseline
- straight
- with tapering at the end
NameLetter - #37776
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterVav
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- reaches the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with a head
- traced as a separate movement from the stem
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the stem
- slanted
- straight
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37749
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterVav
DuctusTraced with 1 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- reaches the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with a serif
- with a head
- traced with the same movement as the stem
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the stem
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with a serif
- pointing upwards
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37755
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterZayin
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- reaches the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with a head
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the stem
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the stem
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- short line
- hairline
- pointing upwards
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37652
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterḤeth
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- does not reach the baseline
- ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- attached to the extremity of the upper bar
- ascends above the upper bar
- reaches the baseline
- ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
- straight
- with tapering at the end
NameLetter - #37766
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterḤeth
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- does not reach the baseline
- ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
- wedge-shaped
- with thickening at the end
- attached to the extremity of the upper bar
- reaches the baseline
- ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
- rounded
- with tapering at the end
- with a serif
- triangle
- pointing upwards
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37657
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterṬeth
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- Nun + vav
- traced as a separate movement from the left arm
- forms a base
- joins the left arm sharply at the baseline
- top is lower than the top of the left arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the arm
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- there is a base
- rounded juncture with the right arm
- slanted
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the right arm
- perpendicular to the baseline
- top is higher than the top of the right arm
- straight
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the arm
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- approach stroke
- hairline
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37765
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterṬeth
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- U-shaped
- traced with the same movement as the left arm
- joins the left arm sharply at the baseline
- top is level with the top of the left arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the arm
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the arm
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- there is a base
- rounded juncture with the right arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- perpendicular to the baseline
- top is level with the top of the right arm
- straight
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the arm
- placed to the left
- cross-shaped juncture with the arm
- parallel to the headline
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37750
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterYod
DuctusTraced with 1 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- perpendicular to the headline
- longer than the middle of the line of writing
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- with a head
- traced with the same movement as the main stroke
- placed to the left
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
NameLetter - #37781
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterYod
DuctusTraced with 1 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- Rounded hook
- slanted
- longer than the middle of the line of writing
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- with a head
- traced with the same movement as the main stroke
- placed to the left
- slanted
- straight
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameLetter - #37779
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterKaph
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- not parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- slanted
- not parallel to the upper bar
- longer than the upper bar
- straight
- turns downwards on the left
- with tapering at the end
NameLetter - #37659
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterKaph
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- straight
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- rounded juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- with thinning in the middle
- with thickening at the end
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- parallel to the baseline
- parallel to the upper bar
- longer than the upper bar
- straight
- turns downwards on the left
- with a spur
- with bifurcation
NameLetter - #37667
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterKaph: final
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- goes beyond the juncture with the descender
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- longer than the height of the line of writing
- rounded
- with tapering at the end
- changes direction to the left at the end
NameLetter - #37777
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterKaph: final
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- equal to the height of the line of writing
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- changes direction to the left at the end
- short line
- pointing downwards
- crosses the upper bar
NameLetter - #37665
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterLamed
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- equal to the height of the line of writing
- rounded
- with thickening
- with a flag
- traced with the same movement as the ascender/mast
- attached to the extremity of the mast
- placed centrally
- as long as a dot (= width of the nib)
- diamond-shaped
- pointed
- with bifurcation on the left
- traced as a separate movement from the ascender
- cross-shaped juncture with the ascender
- parallel to the headline
- placed on the headline
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the horizontal bar
- rounded juncture with the horizontal bar
- rounded juncture with the ascender
- does not reach the baseline
- slanted
- straight
- with thickening
- with a serif
NameLetter - #37804
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterLamed
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- perpendicular to the headline
- slanted to the right /
- equal to the height of the line of writing
- straight
- with thickening
- with a flag
- traced as a separate movement from the ascender/mast
- attached below the extremity of the mast
- placed to the left
- slanted
- as long as a dot (= width of the nib)
- with bifurcation on the left
- traced with the same movement as the ascender
- rounded juncture with the ascender
- placed on the headline
- traced with the same movement as the horizontal bar
- attached to the horizontal bar
- rounded juncture with the horizontal bar
- descends below the baseline
- rounded
- with tapering at the end
NameLetter - #37785
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterMem
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Square
- Rounded
- rounded juncture with the left-hand stroke at the headline
- does not reach the baseline
- rounded
- with thinning
- traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- long: almost joins the left-hand stroke
- slanted
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- attached to the right-hand stroke with a hairline
- slanted
- descends below the baseline
- straight
- joins the left-hand downstroke in its upper part
- slanted
- straight
- with a serif
- no roof
- pointing downwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37664
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterMem
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Square
- sharp triangular juncture with the left-hand stroke at the headline
- rounded
- with thinning
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- long: almost joins the left-hand stroke
- parallel to the baseline
- straight
- with a spur (turns below the baseline at the left end)
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- descends below the baseline
- rounded
- with thinning
- traced as a separate movement from the left-hand downstroke
- joins the left-hand downstroke in its upper part
- slanted
- ascends above the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- no roof
- pointing downwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37663
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterMem: final
DuctusTraced with 4 movements
General Shape
- Horizontally rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- slanted to the left \
- straight
- with thickening
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- joins the left-hand downstroke
- joins the left-hand downstroke with a butt
- parallel to the baseline
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the base
- approaches the upper bar at the left edge
- rounded juncture with the upper bar
- descends below the juncture with the base forming a tail
- rounded
- with thinning
NameLetter - #37801
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterMem: final
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- parallel to the headline
- equal to the base
- straight
- with a serif
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- straight
- traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
- rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the right-hand downstroke with a butt
- joins the left-hand downstroke
- rounded juncture with the left-hand downstroke
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- with tapering at the end
- traced with the same movement as the base
- approaches the upper bar at the left edge
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- slanted to the right /
- straight
- hairline
- with thinning
NameLetter - #37807
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterNun
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- Rounded
- shorter than the height of the line of writing
- does not reach the baseline
- rounded
- with thinning
- with a head
- traced as a separate movement from the downstroke
- longer than the head
- rounded juncture with the downstroke
- juncture with the downstroke has a butt
- parallel to the baseline
- straight
- turns downwards at the left end
- with a spur
- traced as a separate movement from the stem
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the stem
- not parallel to the base
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37654
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterNun
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- shorter than the height of the line of writing
- does not reach the baseline
- slanted to the left \
- straight
- with a head
- traced as a separate movement from the downstroke
- longer than the head
- angular juncture with the downstroke
- juncture with the downstroke has a butt
- slanted
- straight
- turns upwards at the left end
- with tapering at the end
- with bifurcation
- traced with the same movement as the stem
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the stem
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- approach stroke
- short line
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37648
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterNun: final
DuctusTraced with 1 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- longer than the height of the line of writing
- rounded
- with tapering at the end
- with a head
- traced with the same movement as the descender
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the descender
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37772
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterSamekh
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- Rounded with a tail
- convex (rounded) ⋂
- with a serif
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- rounded juncture with the upper bar
- rounded
- with thinning
- there is a base
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- joins the left-hand downstroke
- rounded juncture with the left-hand downstroke
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- traced with the same movement as the base
- joins the upper bar at a distance from the left end
- extends above the upper bar
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- straight
- pointing downwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37653
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterSamekh
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Triangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- rounded juncture with the upper bar
- rounded
- with thickening
- no base
- traced as a separate movement from the base
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- rounded
- with thinning
NameLetter - #37787
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
Letter'Ayin
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- Triangular
- joins the left arm in its lower part (deep)
- forms a base
- top is level with the top of the left arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the arm
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- rounded juncture with the right arm
- slanted
- longer on the left than the upper end of the left arm
- turns upwards on the left
- with thickening at the end
- with a spur
NameLetter - #37662
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
Letter'Ayin
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- Triangular
- joins the left arm in its lower part (deep)
- top is level with the top of the left arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the arm
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- rounded juncture with the right arm
- descends below the baseline
- ends level with the upper end of the left arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- turns upwards on the left
- with thickening at the end
- with bifurcation
- traced as a separate movement from the base
- attached to the right arm in its lower part (deep)
- slanted
- top is level with the top of the right arm
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the left arm
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the arm
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing upwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37655
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterPe
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- parallel to the headline
- parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- slanted
- straight
- with thinning in the middle
- with thickening at the end
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- angular juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- parallel to the baseline
- parallel to the upper bar
- longer than the upper bar
- straight
- turns upwards on the left
- with tapering at the end
- with a spur
- traced as a separate stroke
- shorter than the height of the line of writing
- diamond-shaped
- ends on the left
- with a spur
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- approach stroke
- short line
- pointing upwards
- crosses the upper bar
NameLetter - #37810
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterPe
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
- slanted
- not parallel to the base
- shorter than the base
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- rounded juncture with the upper bar
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
- rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- juncture with the right-hand downstroke has a butt
- slanted
- not parallel to the upper bar
- longer than the upper bar
- turns downwards on the left
- with tapering at the end
- with a spur
- traced as a separate stroke
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- attached at a distance from the left end of the upper bar
- links the upper bar and the base
- perpendicular to the upper bar
- shorter than the height of the line of writing
- wavy
- ends on the left
- with thickening at the end
NameLetter - #37647
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterPe: final
Components & Features
- slanted
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- equal to the height of the line of writing
- slanted
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- traced as a separate stroke
- cross-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- T-shaped juncture with the upper bar
- attached to the extremity of the upper bar
- perpendicular to the upper bar
- slanted
- equal to the height of the line of writing
- rounded
- ends on the left
- with tapering at the end
- with a spur
- with a serif
- additional stroke
- short line
- pointing upwards
- crosses the upper bar
NameLetter - #37651
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterṢade
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- slanted to the left \
- straight
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the downstroke
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the downstroke
- slanted
- straight
- diamond-shaped
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the downstroke
- longer than the roof of the downstroke
- angular juncture with the downstroke
- straight
- with bifurcation
- joins the stem
- joins the downstroke in the lower part of the line of writing
- slanted
- straight
- hairline
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the right
- angular juncture with the arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- with bifurcation on the right
- with a serif
- approach stroke
- hairline
- pointing upwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37783
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterṢade
DuctusTraced with 4 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- slanted to the left \
- straight
- with tapering at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the downstroke
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the downstroke
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- traced with the same movement as the downstroke
- longer than the roof of the downstroke
- rounded juncture with the downstroke
- parallel to the baseline
- straight
- with thickening at the end
- with a spur
- joins the stem
- joins the downstroke in the middle of the line of writing
- slanted
- straight
- hairline
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the arm
- placed to the right
- cross-shaped juncture with the arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- with bifurcation on the left
- pointing upwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37759
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterṢade: final
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Triangular
- longer than the height of the line of writing
- descends slightly below the baseline
- wavy
- changes direction to the left at the end
- with tapering at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the descender
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the descender
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- joins the descender in its lower part
- slanted
- straight
- hairline
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the arm
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- approach stroke
- pointing upwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37650
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterQoph
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- Triangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- longer than a half of the height of the line of writing
- lobe on the left of the descender
- rounded
- triangular
- with thinning
- traced as a separate movement from the lobe
- attached to the upper end of the lobe on the left
- longer than the height of the line of writing
- slanted to the left \
- rounded
- with tapering at the end
NameLetter - #37768
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterQoph
DuctusTraced with 2 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- Loop-shaped
- convex (rounded) ⋂
- with a serif
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- longer than a half of the height of the line of writing
- lobe on the right of the descender
- rounded
- with bifurcation
- traced as a separate movement from the lobe
- attached to the lower end of the lobe
- rounded
- changes direction to the left at the end
- with tapering at the end
- approach stroke
- pointing upwards
- short line
NameLetter - #37752
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterResh
DuctusTraced with 1 movements
General Shape
- Horizontally rectangular
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with bifurcation
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- rounded juncture with the upper bar
- does not reach the baseline
- rounded
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with bifurcation
NameLetter - #37773
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterResh
Components & Features
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- reaches the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- additional stroke
- short line
- pointing upwards
- pointing downwards
- crosses the upper bar
NameLetter - #37649
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterShin/Sin
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- traced as a separate movement from the left arm
- forms a base
- top is level with the top of the left arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the left
- rounded juncture with the arm
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- there is a base
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- rounded juncture with the right arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- traced as a separate movement from the right arm
- forms part of the base
- joins the right arm/base above the baseline
- perpendicular to the baseline
- top is level with the top of the right arm
- straight
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the arm
- placed centrally
- angular juncture with the arm
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the left arm
- detached from the arms/base
- parallel to the right arm
- slanted to the right /
- straight
- hairline
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the left
- points upwards
- angular juncture with the arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- short line
- hairline
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37775
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterShin/Sin
DuctusTraced with 4 movements
General Shape
- Rounded
- traced as a separate movement from the left arm
- joins the left arm sharply at the baseline
- forms a base
- top is level with the top of the left arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed to the left
- angular juncture with the arm
- slanted
- straight
- there is a base
- traced with the same movement as the right arm
- rounded juncture with the right arm
- concave (rounded) ⋃
- traced as a separate movement from the right arm
- forms part of the base
- top is level with the top of the right arm
- rounded
- with thickening at the end
- with a roof
- traced as a separate movement from the arm
- placed centrally
- cross-shaped juncture with the arm
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the left arm
- joins the arms/base
- joins the juncture between the left arm and the right arm/base
- slanted to the right /
- straight
- hairline
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the arm
- placed centrally
- points upwards
- angular juncture with the arm
- slanted
- straight
- with bifurcation on the left
- short line
- pointing upwards
NameLetter - #37790
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterTav
DuctusTraced with 4 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- extends beyond the juncture with the right-hand downstroke
- parallel to the headline
- straight
- traced with the same movement as the upper bar
- joins the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- juncture with the upper bar has a butt
- forms a lobe
- ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
- does not reach the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- attached to the upper bar below it
- attached to the lower end of the right-hand downstroke
- ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
- slanted
- descends below the baseline
- straight
- hairline
- with a foot
- with a roof
- traced with the same movement as the downstroke
- turns to the left
- turns upwards
- descends below the baseline
- with bifurcation
- traced as a separate movement from the left-hand downstroke
- slanted
- straight
- with a serif
NameLetter - #37754
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
TypeLetter
LetterTav
DuctusTraced with 3 movements
General Shape
- Vertically rectangular
- straight
- with bifurcation
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
- angular juncture with the upper bar
- ends higher than the left-hand downstroke
- does not reach the baseline
- wavy
- with thickening in the middle
- with tapering at the end
- with a serif
- traced as a separate movement from the right-hand downstroke
- attached to the upper bar below it
- ends lower than the right-hand downstroke
- reaches the baseline
- straight
- hairline
- with a foot
- no roof
- traced with the same movement as the downstroke
- turns to the left
- turns downwards
- descends below the baseline
- slanted
- straight
- with a serif
- hairline
- pointing downwards
NameNexus - #37760
HandParma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
TypeNexus
NexusAleph-Lamed
DuctusTraced with 4 movements
General Shape
- Full square
- oblique stroke is straight
- there is a left-hand downstroke
- there is a right-hand stroke
- right-hand stroke joins the oblique stroke at a pointy angle
- right-hand stroke (spike) is straight
- there is no horizontal bar
- angular juncture with the aleph component
- ascender joins chevron on its far left
- invisible lines are not present
- juncture with the aleph component at the headline
- traced with the same movement as the ascender
- placed centrally
- rounded
Details
9 Jan 2026, 5:08 p.m. by Miruna-Ștefana Belea
9 Jan 2026, 5:09 p.m. by Miruna-Ștefana Belea
Miruna-Ștefana Belea, 'Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: 16v', in: Hebrew Palaeography Album, General Editors: Judith Olszowy-Schlanger. Consulted online at https://www.hebrewpalaeography.com/data/itemimages/1802/?geId=37772&tab=image on 2026-01-12.
Graphic Elements
Divine Symbol
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Divine Symbol - #37656
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Divine Symbol - #37762
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Divine Symbol - #37758
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Divine Symbol - #37757
Justification
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Justification - #37764
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Justification - #37666
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Justification - #37763
Letter
Aleph
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37770
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37661
Beth
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37789
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37753
Gimel
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37761
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37658
Daleth
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37660
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37778
He
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37791
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37751
Vav
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37776
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37749
Zayin
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37755
Ḥeth
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37652
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37766
Ṭeth
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37657
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37765
Yod
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37750
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37781
Kaph
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37779
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37659
Kaph: final
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37667
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37777
Lamed
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37665
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37804
Mem
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37785
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37664
Mem: final
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37663
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37801
Nun
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37807
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37654
Nun: final
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37648
Samekh
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37772
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37653
'Ayin
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37787
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37662
Pe
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37655
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37810
Pe: final
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37647
Ṣade
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37651
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37783
Ṣade: final
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37759
Qoph
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37650
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37768
Resh
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37752
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37773
Shin/Sin
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37649
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37775
Tav
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37790
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Letter - #37754
Nexus
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Nexus - #37760
Specimens
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 1 - Square
Biblioteca Palatina (Parma, Italy)
Parma, Palatina MS. Parm. 3136: Main text scribe 2 - Square
Biblioteca Palatina (Parma, Italy)