HebrewPal - Hebrew Palaeography Album

Specimens
Graphic Elements
Item Images
Items
Scribes
{...} API

Collapse

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: 11r

Image
Details
Graphic Elements (27)
Specimens (1)

Image

Item Image

Item

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182

Collection

Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris, France)

Image Name / Folio Number

11r

Graphic Element

NameLetter - #6199 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṢade: final DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
slanted to the left \
rounded
lower end turns upwards on the left
no roof

Right arm

joins the top of the descender
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #6200 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterAleph DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeKappa-shaped Components & Features Main oblique stroke

traced with one stroke
reaches the headline
does not reach the baseline
curved at the foot

Left-hand downstroke

joins the chevron
left-hand downstroke is the main component
descends from the headline
reaches the baseline
rounded
no foot

Foot on the left-hand downstroke

DELETE no foot

Right arm

rounded
chevron attached to the left-hand downstroke
branches of the chevron are attached to the main stroke in its upper part
upper branch of the chevron is written above the headline
lower branch of the chevron is longer than the upper branch of the chevron
lower branch of the chevron is curved to the left
no roof

Roof on the right arm

DELETE no roof

NameLetter - #6201 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṢade DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

slanted to the left \
rounded
no roof

Base

traced with the same movement as the stem
rounded juncture with the stem
parallel to the baseline
straight

Right arm

joins/approaches the stem in its upper part
slanted
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #6202 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterShin/Sin DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Right arm

forms a concave base ⋃
equal to the left arm
rounded
no roof

Left arm

joins the right arm/base at the baseline
equal to the right arm
rounded
no roof

Middle stroke

DELETE longer than an average yod
joins/approaches the left arm in its upper part
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #6203 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterṬeth DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Right arm

forms a base parallel to the baseline
equal to the left arm
rounded
no roof

Left arm

goes below the juncture with the right arm forming a tail
equal to the right arm
rounded
no roof

NameLetter - #6204 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterKaph: final DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
straight

Descender

traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
longer than the height of the line of writing
wavy
turns upwards at the end to the left

NameLetter - #6205 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterḤeth DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
shorter than the left-hand downstroke
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

attached to the upper bar on the left
descends below the baseline
longer than the right-hand downstroke
rounded

NameLetter - #6206 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter Letter'Ayin DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Right arm

traced with the same movement as the base
rounded
no roof

Left arm

attached to the base
slanted
rounded
no roof

Base

longer on the left than the upper end of the left arm
concave (rounded) ⋃
turns upwards on the left
with a serif

Serifs

pointing upwards
triangle

NameLetter - #6207 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterKaph DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
not parallel to the base
equal to the base
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded

Base

rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
parallel to the baseline
not parallel to the upper bar
equal to the upper bar
straight

NameLetter - #6208 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterSamekh DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeSimilar to mem: final Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

parallel to the headline
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded

Base

there is a base
parallel to the baseline
straight

Left-hand downstroke

rounded

NameLetter - #6209 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterZayin DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

wavy

Head

placed to the right
slanted
straight

NameLetter - #6210 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterGimel DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

descends below the baseline
slanted to the left \
rounded
no head

Left-hand stroke

joins the stem in the middle
does not reach the baseline
slanted
straight

Serifs

triangle
pointing upwards

NameLetter - #6211 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterMem DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Right-hand downstroke

sharp triangular juncture with the left-hand stroke at the headline
slanted to the left
straight

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
long: almost joins the left-hand stroke
concave (rounded) ⋃

Left-hand downstroke

attached to the right-hand stroke sharply at the headline
slanted
reaches the baseline
straight

Left arm

traced as a separate movement from the left-hand downstroke
reaches the headline
no roof

NameLetter - #6212 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterPe DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
slanted
shorter than the base
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
rounded

Base

traced with the same movement as the right-hand downstroke
longer than the upper bar
descends below the baseline
concave (rounded) ⋃
turns upwards on the left

Nose

traced as a separate stroke
angular juncture with the upper bar
perpendicular to the upper bar
slanted
shorter than the height of the line of writing
straight
turns right

NameLetter - #6213 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterNun DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

does not reach the baseline
slanted to the right /
straight
no head

Base

traced with the same movement as the stem
concave (rounded) ⋃

NameLetter - #6214 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterNun: final DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
perpendicular to the baseline
wavy
no head

NameLetter - #6215 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterPe: final DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

traced as a separate movement from the descender
slanted
straight

Descender

traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
longer than the height of the line of writing
slanted
straight

Nose

traced as a separate stroke
MERGE detached from the upper bar
does not join the upper bar
slanted
shorter than the height of the line of writing
straight

NameLetter - #6216 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterMem: final DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeSimilar to samekh Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

equal to the base
straight
slanted

Right-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the upper horizontal bar
angular juncture with the upper horizontal bar
slanted to the left \
straight

Base

rounded juncture with the right-hand downstroke
joins the left-hand downstroke
rounded juncture with the left-hand downstroke
concave (rounded) ⋃

Left-hand downstroke

attached to the upper bar with a hairline
slanted to the left \
straight

NameLetter - #6217 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterResh DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
reaches the baseline
rounded

NameLetter - #6218 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterQoph DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar of the lobe

DELETE traced as a separate movement
slanted
straight

Lobe

traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
equal to the height of the line of writing
rounded

Descender

longer than the height of the line of writing
slanted to the left \
straight
lower end turns upwards on the left

NameLetter - #6219 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterTav DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

convex (rounded) ⋂

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
joins the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
longer than the left-hand downstroke
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

attached to the upper bar
shorter than the right-hand downstroke
MERGE slanted to the right
does not reach the baseline
straight
with a foot
no roof

Foot

traced as a separate movement from the downstroke
turns to the left
slanted
straight

NameLetter - #6220 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterLamed DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Ascender/mast

slanted to the left \
longer than the height of the line of writing
straight
with a flag

Flag of the ascender/mast

traced with the same movement as the ascender/mast
placed to the left
hook-shaped

Horizontal bar

there is no horizontal bar

Downstroke

reaches the baseline
rounded

NameLetter - #6221 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterDaleth DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeTriangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
slanted
straight
with a tail turning upwards to the right

NameLetter - #6222 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterBeth DuctusTraced with 3 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
not parallel to the base
shorter than the base
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced as a separate movement from the upper bar
angular juncture with the upper bar
slanted
straight

Base

parallel to the baseline
not parallel to the upper bar
longer than the upper bar
straight

NameLetter - #6223 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterHe DuctusTraced with 2 movements General ShapeRounded Components & Features Upper horizontal bar

slanted
straight

Right-hand downstroke

traced with the same movement as the upper bar
rounded juncture with the upper bar
longer than the left-hand downstroke
rounded

Left-hand downstroke

separate from the upper bar
shorter than the right-hand downstroke
straight
with thickening in the middle

NameLetter - #6224 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterYod DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeRounded hook Components & Features Main stroke

rounded
no head

Serifs

approach stroke
triangle
pointing downwards

NameLetter - #6225 HandParis, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni) TypeLetter LetterVav DuctusTraced with 1 movements General ShapeVertically rectangular Components & Features Main stem/downstroke

slanted
straight
no head

Annotate

Graphic Element

Specimen

If the Specimen doesn't appear in the above options, please add a new Specimen before continuing

Type

Abbreviation Other Abbreviation Observations

Decorations

(OLD DECORATIONS)

Geometrical micrography

Figurative microcraphy

Carmina figurata layout

Carpet page

Historiated letter

Zoomorphic letter

Anthropomorphic letter

Decorated panel

Decorated initial

Decorated section marker

Penwork decoration

Colour decoration

Letter outline

Acanthus

Heraldry

Ivy

Animals

Dragons

Gymnastic initials

Fantastic beasts

Arabesque

Bas-de-page images

Bar border

Flourish work border

Foliated border

Inhabited border

Guilding

Cadel

Diaper ground

Red and blue diaper

Blank figure on coloured background

Purple diaper

Stain glass diaper

Tendrils diaper

Display script

Grotesque

Fretwork

Drollery

Litterae notabiliores

Litterae florissae

Interlace

Solomon's knot

Pentagramme

Sexagramme

Outline drawing

Multicoloured letter

Alternate coloured letters in a word

Rinceaux

Rosette

Palmette

Tabula ansata

Diagram: halakha

Diagram: kabbala

Diagram: medicine

Diagram: sciences

(Other)

Format and Location

Carpet page

Miniature

Decorated initial word/letter

Marginal image/border decoration

Section markers and other signs

Line fillers

Diagram

Decorated colophon

Masorah magna

Decorated catchword

Other (please specify)

Technique and Medium

Gilding (gold or silver)

Full painting

Light wash

Spare ground painting in ink

Penwork drawing

Carmina figurata

Micrography

Other (please specify)

Colour Palette

Gold

Silver

White

Lilac

Orange

Pink

Green

Yellow

Teal

Blue

Red

Brown

Black

Grey

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Architecture

Doorway

Gable

Crenelation

Tower

Arcade

Window

Pinnacle

Pillar

Caryatid figure

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Interior Scene

Scenes of prayer and worship

Scenes of festive meals

Scenes of betrothal and marriage

Scenes of circumcision

Scenes of study and discussion

Scenes of music-making and dancing

Scenes of work

Scenes of mourning

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Exterior Scene

Scenes of hunting

Scenes of travel

Scenes of jousting and other martial games

Scenes of battle

Scenes of agricultural work

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Zodiac Signs

Aries

Taurus

Gemini

Cancer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Scorpio

Sagittarius

Capricorn

Aquarius

Pisces

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Human Figures

Biblical

Mishnaic/talmudic

Contemporary (medieval)

Body parts only (please specify in observations box)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Quadruped Animals

Lion

Dog (talbot)

Dog (greyhound)

Dog (generic)

Rabbit/hare

Stag/hind

Elephant

Horse

Cattle

Sheep

Camel

Donkey

Monkey

Wolf

Leopard

Fox

Boar

Bear

Frog

Squirrel

Other (please specify)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Imaginary Creatures

Dragon

Unicorn

Siren

Centaur

Griffin

Wild man

Other hybrids (please specify in observations box)

Other non-hybrids (please specify in observations box)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Birds

Eagle

Stork/crane

Falcon/hawk, and other hunting birds

Owl

Chicken

Peacock

Small birds (please specify in observations box)

Other (please specify)

Unidentified

Figural Pictorial Content: Foliage

Trefoils, round or pointed

Acanthus

Palmettes

Oak leaves (with/without acorns)

Heart-shaped leaves

Rosettes

Fleurs-de-lis

Fruits/pine cones

Knobs

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Everyday Objects

Shields and other objects featuring heraldic designs

Keys

Scissors

Articles of clothing, headwear or footwear

Ladders

Musical instruments

Axes, knives, swords, non-heraldic shields and bucklers

Food and drink, and implements for eating and drinking

Other (please specify)

Figural Pictorial Content: Other

Temple implements

Landscape

Angels

Demons

Fish

Insects

Leopard mask

Trees

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Letter Decoration

Gilt letters

Zoomorphic/Anthropomorphic letters

Filled letters: animal, hybrid or human motifs

Filled letters: vegetal motifs

Filled letters: knotwork and interlace

Inhabited letters

Letters with geometric patterning (including chequered, striped, chevron or other patterns)

Letters with foliate finials

Letters with scalloped outlines

Letters in alternating colours

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Background Decoration (Penwork)

Palmettes

Tendrils

Non-figural swirls/spirals

Hatching/Cross-hatching

Wavy lines

Groups of three dots

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Background Decoration (Coloured)

Chequered background

Lozenged background

Diapered background (with squares)

Diapered background (with circles)

Monochrome background with tendrils

Monochrome background with groups of three dots

Monochrome plain background

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Decorated Border

Acanthus border

Greek key border

Interlace border

Wavy-line-and-dots border

Ribbon border

Striped border

Twisted rope/guilloche border

Zigzag border

Scalloped border

Other (please specify)

Non-Figural Pictorial Content: Other

geometric and abstract shapes

penwork flourish

interlace and knotwork

Other Decorations Observations

Divine Symbols

Tetragrammaton

Two yods

Three yods

Four yods

Yods with symbols/abbreviation signs

Yod-vav-yod

Variant of Elohim

Basmala

Hamdala

(Other)

Other Divine Symbols Observations

Editorial Symbols

Signe de renvoi

circle

circle + line

manicule

other

Collation sign

graphic symbol

textual or abbreviation

other

Text management

Insertion sign

Replacement sign

Correction sign

Other Editorial Symbols Observations

Justifications

Graphic space fillers

Extended letters

Reduced letters

Broken letters

Anticipation

Abbreviation

Change of script register

Writing above the line horizontally

Writing above the line obliquely

Writing below the line

Vertical writing

Change of orientation of letter components

(Other)

Other Justifications Observations

Letter Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Ligature name

Magical Character

Meshunnah Character Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Nexus Ductus (Optional) General Shape (Optional) Components & Features

Numeral

Arabic

Coptic

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Zimām

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1/2

1/3

1/4

1/5

Mozarabic/Toledan

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

10000

Half

Quarter

Third

Rūmī/Fāsī

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Other Numeral Observations

Punctuation

There is no punctuation

Sof pasuq

Dot

2 dots

3 dots

4 dots

Short stroke

2 short strokes

3 short strokes

Paragraph sign: circle

Paragraph sign: decoration

Paragraph sign: '6-shape'

Parashah sign

Haphtara sign

Chapter symbol

(Other)

Other Punctuation Observations

Ṭe'amim

Sof pasuq

Atnaḥ

Segol/shere

Shalshelet

Zaqef qatan

Zaqef gadol

ṭifḥa/ṭarḥa

revia’

Zarqa

Pashṭa/qadma

Shne pashṭin/tre qadmin

Yetiv

Tevir

Pazer

Qarne farah

Telisha gedolah/talsha/tirṣa

Geresh

Gershayim

Paseq/legarmeh

Merkha/maarikh

Munaḥ/shofar holekh/shofar ‘ilui

Mahpakh/shofar hafukh

Darga

Qadma/azla

Telisha qeṭanah (talsha/tarsa)

Merkha kefulah/tere ta’ame/teren ḥuṭrin

Yeraḥ ben yomo/galgal

Geresh muqdam

Atnaḥ hafukh

‘oleh

‘ilui

Deḥi

Ṣinorit

Other Ṭe'amim Observations

Vowel/Diacritic

Babylonian

Ḥireq

Pataḥ (lines)

Pataḥ (dots)

Qameṣ (lines)

Qameṣ (dots)

Ṣere

Ḥolem

Qibbuṣ (lines)

Qibbuṣ (dots)

Ḥitfa (= shewa)

Miniature shin

Miniature samekh

Miniature he

Miniature gimel

Miniature qof

Mid-dot

Compound ḥireq

Compound pataḥ (lines)

Compound pataḥ (dots)

Compound qameṣ (lines)

Compound qameṣ (dots)

Compound ṣere

Compound ḥolem

Compound qibbuṣ (lines)

Compound qibbuṣ (dots)

Palestinian

Pataḥ

Qameṣ

Seghol

Ṣere

Ḥireq

Ḥolem

Qibbuṣ

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (L)

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (<)

Dagesh/mappiq/Shewa (C)

Rafe

Miniature shin

Miniature samekh

Shin/sin diacritic

Tiberian

Pataḥ

Seghol

Qameṣ

Ṣere

Ḥolem

Ḥireq

Shureq

Qibbuṣ

Shewa

Gaʿya

Rafe

Dagesh/mappiq

Meteg

Ḥaṭef pataḥ

Ḥaṭef seghol

Ḥaṭef qameṣ

Silluq (sof pasuq)

Atnaḥ

Shin/sin dot

Other Vowel/Diacritic Observations

Details

Item

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182

Collection

Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris, France)

Image Name / Folio Number

11r

Created: 12 Jan 2024, 12:04 p.m. by Evgeniya Zarubina

Graphic Elements

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6199

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6200

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6201

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6202

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6203

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6204

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6205

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6206

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6207

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6208

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6209

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6210

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6211

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6212

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6213

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6214

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6215

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6216

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6217

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6218

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6219

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6220

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6221

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6222

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6223

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6224

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Letter - #6225

Specimens

Paris, BnF MS. Hébreu 182: Main text scribe - Non-square (Beinoni)

Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris, France)